Simple Explanation

A type of speaker driver that uses a thin, corrugated metal ribbon to produce high-frequency sound by reacting to a magnetic field.

Concise Technical Definition

A ribbon speaker uses a thin, corrugated metal-film ribbon suspended in a magnetic field. The electrical signal is applied to the ribbon, which moves in response to the signal to produce sound. Ribbon drivers are known for their low mass and large surface area, allowing them to produce very precise and delicate high frequencies. However, due to their fragile nature, they can be easily damaged, such as being torn by a strong gust of air. Ribbon tweeters typically emit sound in a dipole radiation pattern, though some models include backings to limit this pattern. Because of their low resistance, ribbon drivers require a transformer to operate without overloading the amplifier.

Layman-Friendly Analogy

Imagine a super-thin metal sheet floating in the air. When electricity flows through it, the sheet vibrates, producing sound. Because it’s so light, it can move very quickly to create crisp, delicate high-frequency sounds, but it can also be easily torn if handled roughly.

Industry Usage Summary

Ribbon drivers are widely used in high-end audio applications, particularly in tweeters and speakers designed to produce clear, precise high frequencies. Due to their unique construction, they offer superior transient response and detail in the upper frequency range. However, their fragility and low resistance mean they often require careful handling and the use of a transformer to operate with typical amplifiers. While ribbon speakers provide excellent sound quality, especially for delicate and accurate high frequencies, they are less common in mainstream consumer speakers due to their cost and fragility.

Engineering Shortcut

A speaker driver with a thin, corrugated metal ribbon suspended in a magnetic field, known for precise high-frequency response.

Full Technical Explanation

A ribbon loudspeaker consists of an ultra-thin metal foil ribbon, often corrugated, suspended in a magnetic field. When an electrical signal is applied to the ribbon, it moves in response to the changing magnetic field, generating sound. The ribbon has very little mass, which allows it to respond very quickly and produce excellent high-frequency response. Ribbon tweeters are typically dipole, emitting sound in two directions, although some designs incorporate backings to control this radiation pattern. Due to the ribbon’s ultra-low resistance, these speakers require a transformer to operate correctly without overloading the amplifier. Ribbon drivers were invented by Schottky and Gerlach, who developed them by reversing the physical principles used in ribbon microphones. Although they are capable of producing highly accurate and delicate sound, ribbon speakers are fragile and can be easily damaged by a strong air current.