Simple Explanation

Frequencies that are lower than the fundamental frequency, typically fractions like half, a third, or a quarter of the main frequency.

Concise Technical Definition

Subharmonics are frequencies that are fractions of the fundamental frequency. They occur at integer multiples of 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, and so on, creating lower-pitched components of a sound. In many musical or acoustical systems, subharmonics can contribute to the richness or complexity of the sound, but they can also introduce distortion if not managed properly. For example, a subharmonic of a fundamental frequency of 100 Hz might occur at 50 Hz (1/2 of 100 Hz), 33.33 Hz (1/3 of 100 Hz), or 25 Hz (1/4 of 100 Hz).

Layman-Friendly Analogy

Think of a subharmonic like a deep bass note that’s related to the main note but is lower in pitch. Just like how an octave lower is half the frequency of the original note, subharmonics are even lower, creating a deeper sound that can add a sense of fullness or "rumble" to music or sound effects.

Industry Usage Summary

Subharmonics are commonly encountered in music production, sound design, and acoustics. In audio systems, subharmonics are often used to enhance bass frequencies or create a sense of depth in soundtracks and musical compositions. However, excessive subharmonics can cause distortion or unwanted noise, particularly in lower-end audio systems or poorly managed room acoustics. Audio engineers often use filters or processors to control or reduce subharmonic content in order to achieve cleaner, more balanced sound reproduction, particularly for subwoofers or bass-heavy systems.

Engineering Shortcut

Frequencies that are lower than the fundamental, typically occurring at integer fractions like 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 of the fundamental frequency.

Full Technical Explanation

Subharmonics are lower-frequency components that occur at integer fractions of a sound’s fundamental frequency. For example, if the fundamental frequency of a sound is 100 Hz, its subharmonics could be at 50 Hz (1/2), 33.33 Hz (1/3), or 25 Hz (1/4). These frequencies contribute to the harmonic structure of sounds, but they are not harmonics themselves, which are integer multiples of the fundamental. In audio production, subharmonics can be intentionally generated to enhance bass or add depth to the sound. However, in certain contexts, such as in communication systems or high-fidelity audio systems, excess subharmonic content can cause undesirable effects like distortion or muddiness, particularly when the subharmonics fall within a range that the system cannot handle effectively.